Why can drinking raw milk be dangerous? Foodborne illnesses, bacterial infections, and who faces greater risk

Raw milk is often promoted as a natural, nutrient-rich alternative to pasteurised milk, believed to offer more enzymes, probiotics, and vitamins. This has made it popular among health-conscious individuals. However, the reality is that drinking raw, unpasteurised milk carries significant health risks. It can contain harmful bacteria such as E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella, which cause severe foodborne illnesses and, in some cases, life-threatening complications. Vulnerable groups, including children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immunity, face an even greater risk. In the UK, strict regulations on raw milk sales exist for a reason, it’s a serious public health concern.



Health risks of drinking raw milk
A comprehensive review published in Johns Hopkins University researchers concluded that consuming raw cow’s milk increases the risk of foodborne illness over 100 times compared to pasteurised milk. Despite raw milk accounting for only ~3.5% of milk consumption, it contributed to more than half of all milk-related foodborne illnesses. Researchers strongly advise against raw milk consumption, especially for children, pregnant women, and the elderly.

Here are the primary health risks associated with raw milk:


1. Bacterial infections from raw milk

Raw milk is a breeding ground for harmful bacteria because it hasn’t been heat-treated to kill pathogens. Some of the most dangerous bacteria found in raw milk include:

• Salmonella: Causes diarrhoea, fever, stomach cramps, and vomiting. Symptoms may appear within 6–72 hours and last up to a week.
• E. coli (Escherichia coli): Certain strains, can lead to kidney failure and life-threatening complications.
• Listeria monocytogenes: Extremely dangerous for pregnant women as it can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious infection in newborns.

Even if the animal appears healthy and the farm follows strict hygiene standards, bacteria can still contaminate milk during milking or storage. These pathogens multiply quickly if the milk is not properly refrigerated.


2. Foodborne illness (Milk-borne diseases)

Raw milk is one of the leading sources of milk-borne diseases worldwide. Drinking contaminated milk can introduce dangerous bacteria into your system, resulting in:

• Severe abdominal cramps and pain
• Vomiting and persistent nausea
• Watery or bloody diarrhoea
• High fever and chills

Foodborne illnesses caused by raw milk can last for several days and sometimes require hospitalisation for intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Dehydration is a major concern, especially for children and the elderly.


3. Higher risk for vulnerable groups

While anyone can become sick from raw milk, some people face much higher risks:

• Infants and young children: Their immune systems are still developing, making them highly susceptible to infections.
• Pregnant women: Listeria infections from raw milk can cause miscarriage, premature birth, or severe complications for the baby.
• Older adults: Weakened immunity increases vulnerability to infections and serious illness.
• People with chronic conditions: Those with compromised immunity, such as cancer patients or transplant recipients, are at greater risk of life-threatening infections.

For these groups, even a small amount of contaminated raw milk can be dangerous.


4. Potential for serious complications

Raw milk infections can lead to more than just short-term stomach issues. In severe cases, complications include:

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): A rare but life-threatening condition caused by E. coli that damages the kidneys, sometimes leading to permanent kidney failure.
• Sepsis: When bacteria enter the bloodstream, it can trigger a systemic infection, requiring emergency medical care.
• Neurological problems: Listeria infections can cause meningitis or brain inflammation, resulting in long-term neurological damage.

These risks are why health authorities strongly recommend avoiding raw milk.



Is raw milk healthier
Advocates of raw milk claim it contains more enzymes, probiotics, and vitamins. However, scientific evidence does not support these claims. Pasteurised milk still provides essential nutrients like calcium, protein, and vitamin B12, without the bacterial risk. The slight loss of enzymes during pasteurisation does not affect overall health benefits.



How to stay safe
The safest way to consume milk is to choose pasteurised milk, which undergoes heat treatment to kill harmful pathogens. If you still choose raw milk:

• Buy only from certified suppliers following hygiene standards.
• Keep milk refrigerated at all times.
• Boil the milk before drinking, though this eliminates the very reason for drinking it raw.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health routine or treatment.



Also read | A re boiled eggs good for weight loss? Know the benefits, risks, and diet tips